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<br>Announced in 2016, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11860868) Gym is an open-source Python library created to assist in the development of support learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](http://git.hongtusihai.com) research, making released research more easily reproducible [24] [144] while offering users with an easy interface for connecting with these [environments](https://forum.alwehdaclub.sa). In 2022, new developments of Gym have actually been transferred to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games [147] using RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research study focused mainly on optimizing representatives to [solve single](http://ratel.ng) tasks. Gym Retro offers the ability to generalize between games with similar ideas but different appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic representatives at first lack understanding of how to even walk, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11857434) however are offered the goals of finding out to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial learning procedure, the representatives learn how to adjust to changing conditions. When a representative is then gotten rid of from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the [agent braces](https://git.camus.cat) to remain upright, recommending it had discovered how to balance in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors between agents might develop an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's ability to operate even outside the context of the competitors. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five [video game](http://media.nudigi.id) Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high ability level entirely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a group of 5, the very first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the yearly premiere championship competition for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had actually found out by playing against itself for 2 weeks of genuine time, which the learning software was an action in the direction of developing software that can manage complex jobs like a [surgeon](https://sfren.social). [152] [153] The system uses a type of support learning, as the [bots learn](https://www.sociopost.co.uk) gradually by playing against themselves [numerous](https://edenhazardclub.com) times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an opponent and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a full group of 5, and they were able to defeat groups of amateur and [semi-professional gamers](http://bammada.co.kr). [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, [hb9lc.org](https://www.hb9lc.org/wiki/index.php/User:RondaJop19310) OpenAI Five played in two exhibit matches against expert players, however ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champs of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in . [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player shows the obstacles of [AI](https://134.209.236.143) systems in multiplayer online [fight arena](https://ayjmultiservices.com) (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated using deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses machine finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical objects. [167] It learns totally in simulation utilizing the very same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation method which exposes the student to a range of experiences instead of trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking electronic cameras, likewise has RGB electronic cameras to enable the robot to control an approximate item by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a [Rubik's Cube](http://101.200.127.153000). The robotic was able to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce intricate physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by improving the effectiveness of Dactyl to perturbations by [utilizing Automatic](https://uwzzp.nl) Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation technique of creating progressively harder environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](http://47.111.72.1:3001) models established by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language [AI](https://git.o-for.net) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The company has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>[OpenAI's initial](https://deprezyon.com) GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The original paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was composed by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative design of language could obtain world knowledge and procedure long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is a not being watched transformer language design and the successor to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only minimal demonstrative variations initially released to the public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to concern about prospective abuse, consisting of applications for writing phony news. [174] Some experts revealed [uncertainty](https://higgledy-piggledy.xyz) that GPT-2 posed a substantial hazard.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to identify "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the innovation to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the complete variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive demonstrations of various instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language models to be general-purpose learners, shown by GPT-2 attaining modern accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains somewhat 40 gigabytes of text from [URLs shared](https://freelancejobsbd.com) in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It prevents certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This allows representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI mentioned that the complete variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as couple of as 125 million parameters were also trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI specified that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" jobs and could generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper [offered examples](https://es-africa.com) of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and between [English](https://uwzzp.nl) and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 significantly improved benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or experiencing the essential ability [constraints](https://audioedu.kyaikkhami.com) of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required numerous thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not right away launched to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a [paid cloud](https://job4thai.com) API after a two-month complimentary private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually additionally been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://sublimejobs.co.za) powering the code autocompletion tool [GitHub Copilot](https://forum.infinity-code.com). [193] In August 2021, an API was [launched](https://eet3122salainf.sytes.net) in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can produce working code in over a dozen shows languages, most efficiently in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with problems, style defects and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has actually been accused of producing copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would terminate assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, [gratisafhalen.be](https://gratisafhalen.be/author/elizafnt069/) OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded technology passed a simulated law school bar examination with a rating around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might also read, examine or produce up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant programs languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the model of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained a few of the problems with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually decreased to reveal numerous technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o [attained modern](https://gitlab.vp-yun.com) lead to voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting brand-new records in audio speech recognition and [translation](https://oerdigamers.info). [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, [compared](https://aji.ghar.ku.jaldi.nai.aana.ba.tume.dont.tach.me) to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly helpful for enterprises, start-ups and developers seeking to automate services with [AI](https://git.arcbjorn.com) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been created to take more time to think of their actions, resulting in higher precision. These models are especially reliable in science, coding, and thinking jobs, and were made available to [ChatGPT](http://mooel.co.kr) Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 thinking design. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are evaluating o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security scientists had the opportunity to obtain early access to these models. [214] The model is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications companies O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research study<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is a representative established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to carry out substantial web surfing, data analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With [searching](http://39.105.203.1873000) and Python tools allowed, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120] |
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<br>Image classification<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to evaluate the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can especially be utilized for image classification. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to translate natural language inputs (such as "a green leather bag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can develop pictures of reasonable things ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") in addition to items that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the design with more sensible outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software application for Point-E, a new rudimentary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from complicated descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complicated details like hands and text. [221] It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can generate videos based on short detailed triggers [223] in addition to extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unknown.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement group called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "unlimited imaginative capacity". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system using [publicly-available](https://www.execafrica.com) videos along with copyrighted videos licensed for that function, but did not reveal the number or the specific sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it might generate videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a [technical report](https://www.4bride.org) [highlighting](https://www.aspira24.com) the approaches used to train the design, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, consisting of battles imitating intricate physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "remarkable", but noted that they need to have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's normal output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have revealed substantial interest in the [innovation's potential](https://amigomanpower.com). In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his astonishment at the innovation's capability to create reasonable video from text descriptions, citing its possible to change storytelling and content production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually decided to pause plans for expanding his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is [trained](https://southernsoulatlfm.com) on a large dataset of varied audio and is likewise a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech acknowledgment in addition to speech translation and language recognition. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can produce tunes with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune generated by MuseNet tends to begin fairly however then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In popular culture, initial applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to produce music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI mentioned the tunes "show local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" however acknowledged that the tunes lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and [human-generated music](https://b52cum.com). The Verge stated "It's highly remarkable, even if the results sound like mushy versions of songs that may feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are memorable and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User user interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate toy issues in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a method may assist in auditing [AI](https://swaggspot.com) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](https://taar.me). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of 8 neural network models which are frequently studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was [developed](https://avpro.cc) to evaluate the functions that form inside these neural networks easily. The designs included are AlexNet, VGG-19, various variations of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational user interface that allows users to ask [questions](https://wrqbt.com) in natural language. The system then responds with a response within seconds.<br> |
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